Compare and Contrast Essay Deforestation in Brazil and...

Deforestation in Indonesia and Brazil Deforestation is normally referred to activities that all trees in forest are taken away through either the purpose is to get timber or to replace the area for alternative uses can cause environmental degradation, and pollution emission. There are similarities and differences of deforestation causes in Brazil and Indonesia. The objective of this essay is to compare and contrast the similarities and differences of deforestation in Indonesia and Brazil in term of mining, burning forest and logging. Mining is one of the main causes of deforestation. Indonesia and Brazil’s forests have been suffered badly from mining activities. However, mining in Indonesia is†¦show more content†¦In Roraima, forest fire from El Ninno damaged over 37,000 Kilometres of forest total area ( El Ninno Phenomenon, n.d.). Logging is another main cause of deforestation in Indonesia and Brazil. Logging is a major contribution to the loss of both Indonesian forest and Brazilian amazon. Logging in Indonesia has been widespread around the country because of a political corruption and develop economic growth (Global Forest Watch, n.d.). Suharto, the former president attempt to boost economic growth in export revenues by authorize the timber industries to harvest wood in public forest under concessions cover more than 80 percent of the country’s total forest (Smith, 2003). The Ministry of Forestry also stated that logging has destructed Indonesian Borneo and Kalimantan cost the country an estimated RP 311.4 trillion or around $36.4 billion (Tropical Forest Foundation, n.d.). They let exports without grant, or overlook tax evasion, logging outside authorised areas or the violation of harvesting regulations in return for a bribe.For instance, in 1999, over 40 percent of the wood is used by prod ucing of plywood, pulp and paper production. In 2007, 45 percent of trees exported to United of the State, Europe and China. Likewise in Brazil, the government wants to drive agricultural growth. Logging and industrial processing of timber export and charcoalShow MoreRelatedBric Analysis Essay11111 Words   |  45 PagesPolity . Volume 42, Number 1 . January 2010 r 2010 Northeastern Political Science Association 0032-3497/10 www.palgrave-journals.com/polity/ Brazil, the Entrepreneurial and Democratic BRIC* Leslie Elliott Armijo Portland State University Sean W. Burges University of Ottawa By most objective metrics, Brazil is the least imposing of the ‘‘BRICs countries’’— less populous than China and India, slower-growing in recent years than China, India, or Russia, and the only member of the group lackingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Michel Foucault s Philosophy Of Law - 1346 Words

Michel Foucault was an unconventional philosopher in relation to the ideas and reasonings of law and why they are just. He takes a different approach than many of the most prominent philosophers in the study of the philosophy of law. If someone were to compare his ideals with the ideals of some of the most prominent law philosophers an interesting total theory of the philosophy behind law could be created. The intentions of this writing are to relate and compare Michel Foucault with many of his predecessors in order to create an interpretation of the philosophy of law that is unique and interpretative. Let’s start with Natural Law or the idea that law is unchanging and in agreement with nature. Natural law is quite different from what Michel Foucault expresses in his writings. Natural law has an idea that there is right and wrong. It is often backed up and enforced by a religious power in order to give it merit. Although Hobbes idea of the social contract is slowly becoming closer to the ideas of Michel. Hobbes states that every act is self serving, and through time people realize that in order to survive more efficiently it is actually self serving to have agreements or laws that justify right from wrong. These ideas in a way are similar to his ideas of why disciplinary power works in society; Michel touches on how society uses ‘technologies’ in order to influence individuals so that they believe a certain way of living is natural. It is difficult to compare Natural law,Show MoreRelatedCritical Social Theory : Power, Critique And Praxis3794 Words   |  16 P ages______________________________________________________ In order to delineate the nature of power and domination in understanding contemporary society, this major essay will provide an advanced critical and comparative analysis of the social theory ideas of Karl Marx, Michel Foucault and Dorothy Smith. Resultant of such analysis, this essay will also postulate how conceptions of power and domination may be used to cultivate practices of emancipatory social change for the enhancement of individual freedoms by including theRead MoreThe Weight Of Social Awareness1025 Words   |  5 Pagestype of punishment. It consists in depriving an individual s freedom by taking him/her from society. Incapacitation prevents the offender from comiting crimes again while being reclused, so that they can no longer harm society. Deterrence is the hope that offenders will be discouraged from committing crimes again through being imprisoned. Rehabilitation is achieved through programs that help transform offenders into citizens that obey the law and contribute to their communities. Society wants youngRead MoreFoucault Power8957 Words   |  36 PagesThe Subject and Power Author(s): Michel Foucault Source: Critical Inquiry, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Summer, 1982), pp. 777-795 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1343197 . Accessed: 26/09/2011 07:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, andRead More Locating Macbeth at the Thresholds of Time, Space and Spiritualism 2629 Words   |  11 PagesIn the preface to Folie et dà ©raison, Michel Foucault unmistakably locates madness at the limen of cultural identity: European man, since the beginning of the Middle Ages has had a relation to something he calls, indiscriminately, Madness, Dementia, Insanity. †¦ [It is] a realm, no doubt, where what is in question is the limits rather than the identity of a culture. (Foucault xi) By describing madness in this way, he demonstrates his understanding of madness as a cultural phenomenon, definedRead MoreHomosexuality and University Press5666 Words   |  23 Pages sociology, anthropology and political sciences, philosophy. Sociology had a late start although some of the key figures in the field were sociologists (Mary McIntosh, Ken Plummer, Jeffrey Weeks), but their work was seen as primarily historical. Michel Foucault made a major imprint with the first volume of his Histoire de la sexualità © (1976). Other major sociologists contributed to or supported the field, for example Pierre Bourdieu (1998), Michel Maffesoli (1982), Steven Seidman (1997, 1998). NotwithstandingRead MoreConceptual And Historical Issues Of Psychology1420 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships. Scientific process In the past, science applied induction principles in the world discovery via formulating theories and accurate observation based on observed regularities. An example is Newton’s Law. The observation on physical behavior of objects and production of laws which brought sense to observed objects. Currently the model of hypothetico-deductive has been proposed. Also there was a strong belief that behavior is influenced by individual differences and was a major contributorRead MoreA Reflection On Public Administration Essay5906 Words   |  24 PagesPosttraditional Public Administration Since the linguistic turn, sparked in the late 1960s by such theorists as Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault, interesting normative and methodological challenges for the policy sciences have emerged. A posttraditional society is often characterized as an individualized society because individuals are increasingly required to construct their own lives. To begin, a posttraditional society refers to both modernity and its reverberation postmodernity. ModernityRead MoreEssay on A Philosophy of the Impersonal5155 Words   |  21 PagesFor a Philosophy of the Impersonal 1. Never more than today is the notion of person the unavoidable reference for all discourses, be they philosophical, political, or juridical in nature, that assert the value of human life as such. Leaving aside differences in ideology as well as specifically staked-out theoretical positions, no one doubts the relevance of the category of person or challenges it as the unexamined and incontrovertible presupposition of every possible perspective. This tacit convergenceRead MoreCan the Subaltern Speak9113 Words   |  37 Pagespolitics, the state, and the law. The original title of this paper was Power, Desire, Interest.1 Indeed, whatever power these meditations command may have been earned by a politically interested refusal to push to the limit the founding presuppositions of my desires, as far as they are within my grasp. This vulgar three-stroke formula, applied both to the most resolutely committed and to the most ironic discourse, keeps track of what Althusser so aptly named philosophies of denegation.2 I haveRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesbecame very popular. It has been used in the fields of art (Christo-Bakargiev 1987), architecture (Pevsner 1967), literature (Hassan 1971), video, economics, films (James 1991), ideology (Larrain 1994: 90-118), theology (Tilley at al 1995), and philosophy (Griffin et al 1993). In trying to understand ‘postmodern’, we have to understand ‘modern’ first. According to Rose (1991: 1), there are many related yet different meanings associated with the term ‘modern’. First of all, Arnold J. Toynbee

Pharmacological Academic Performance Enhancement †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Pharmacological Academic Performance Enhancement. Answer: Introduction The essay deals with the case scenario of Wasim, who is in a dilemma regarding the use of stimulants for academic performance as advised by his friends. In response to the case study management, the essay aims to address the PICO question developed by Wasim, which is Do stimulants increase academic performance in university students? Finding evidence to this question will help Wasim to make clinical decision. The use of the latest research studies about the problem area conscientiously, is referred as evidence-based practice. The essay aims to evaluate the two pieces of evidence pertaining to the clinical area and discuss barriers to implement the evidence. PICO model involves the formulation of well-built clinical foreground question. The four components of the PICO question are - P (population/problem), I (Intervention), C (comparison or placebo), and O (Outcome). In PICO question developed by Wasim university students are population, the stimulants use is intervention, and the academic performance enhancement is the outcome measured. These components help to identify specific literature evidence about the effect of the stimulants (Ahadi Habicht, 2017). Three authors from different professional backgrounds collaborated in the first qualitative research paper titled Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students. The first Author, Elisabeth Hildt, is professor of philosophy and director of the Centre for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at Illinois Institute of Technology, where her research focuses on philosophical and ethical issues in neuroscience, most significantly the field of cognitive enhancement. The second Author, known as Professor Klaus Lieb, is the Director of the Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at Mainz University. The third author AndreasGnterFranke, works as a trainee in Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at Mainz University (Hildt et al., 2014). Their qualification gives the confidence that the results are reliable. Moreover, the researchers obtained ethics approval for the study from local committee. It can be interpreted that the ethical issues were considered. It is evident that the research is well conducted. The study aimed at reducing the gap concerning the empirical data management related to the enhancement of the academic performance. As there is insufficient literature about contextual factors of the stimulants use and the associated real world effects on the academic outcomes, the aims and objectives of the study seems justified. As per the literature review conducted by the author, it is unclear if the stimulants are used for cognitive and academic performance enhancement. It is unclear if it can also serve any other purpose. In this context, the author has well supported the background and rational for the study supporting with relevant literature. The author has selected qualitative research methodology. For the data collection, face-to-face interview is used as instrument that contains open-ended questions. The interviews are based on semi-structured interview guidelines. A sample size of 18 people was included. As per inclusion criteria, only participants involved in non-medical use of stimulants for academic performance improvement were involved. To get better insights of the participants opinions, values and perception, open-ended questions in qualitative interview is justified. It will help understand the cause underlying the behaviour. The qualitative study will help generate ideas for improvement by studying the impact of stimulants in broad context (Mertens, 2014). As per the study results, the main reason for administering the stimulants is to increase the memorising power and cope up with the academic pressure. The results can be interpreted that the improvement in academic performance due to stimulants is not an isolated performance. The sole target of these smart drugs is not the improvement in cognitive functioning. It is also integrated into the multifaceted context of life, which signifies its crucial relevance. In addition to improvement in the studies, the students can better cope with the academic curriculum and balance it with time off. Thus, it appears to be advantageous for them. It can be concluded that the study aims are achieved. Strength and weakness The credibility of the research is realised from their details given in the paper that includes work experience. Authorship determines the strength of the paper as it ensures that the authors have expertise to conduct research in this domain (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). Thus, there may be no conflicts of interest about the findings considering the expertise, qualifications, and affiliations. This adds to the merits of the paper. The need of the study is justified as stimulants use (illicit or prescription) among university students is less explored and the study wants to explore the same in broader context (OBrien et al., 2014). The research methodology is justified considering the aim of the strength of the paper. It will help solve the complex problem by breaking into manageable parts. The complexity refers to understanding the interaction of the participants with the stimulants to achieve the university academic goals. As this context is not clear, the qualitative study would be useful to explore the area and link with the mechanisms (Jensen et al., 2016). The findings meet the research aims. The weakness of the study lies in discrepancies in the qualitative data management that was obtained from the interview. There are differences in the subjective experiences of the participants and the objective academic outcomes. Very less participants were used and is major drawback that may hamper the validity and reliability of the data. There is no sufficient details on triangulation process in data analysis. Due to self-selection of participants, there is a chance of potential bias (McCusker Gunaydin, 2015). In the quantitative study four authors from different professional backgrounds collaborated in the quantitative research paper titled, The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. The first author, Bailey A. Munro, and second author, Lisa L. Weyandt, works at University of Rhode Island, United States. The former is a corresponding author associated with the Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program. The second author works in the department of psychology as professor. The third author, Marisa E. Marraccini, works at Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and is associated with Bradley Hasbro Research Center, Rhode Island US. The fourth author, Danielle R. Oster also works at University of Rhode Island, United States in the department of psychology as a professor (Munro et al., 2017). It can be interpreted that the research is well conducted. Therefore, there might not be any discrepancies concerning study findings a s the National Centre for Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health supports the data. The study has clear aim that is to determine the relationship between the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants or NMUPS and Executive functioning among the college students. The author justified the aims and objectives of the study by supporting with relevant studies in this area. Among the college students, the NMUPS has been found to be a burning problem as they are attracted by the improvement in executive functioning and academic performance enhancement (Maier Schaub, 2015). Executive functions relate to goal-directed behaviour, planning skills, cognitive flexibility and self-regulation. When these functions are absent in a person, it leads to poor performance in academics as per literature review. It may cause risk behaviour among students. In this context, the hypothesis developed by the author seems to be justified. The hypothesis is - students may take NMUPS to overcome the executive functioning deficits for academic success. The other hypothesis also seems justified, w hich is NMUPS may moderate the relationship between executive functioning and academic performance. Quantitative research methodology is selected for this research study, and the data is collected through survey questionnaire. For this study, 308 university students were selected. The study setting includes six public universities in US from different regions. For a psychology research, the methodology is justified. Data was analysed for statistical significance to ensure validity. As per Munro et al. (2017), the rate of use of NMUPS, was higher among university students with executive function deficit than without deficit. The advantage of the stimulants as interpreted from the study is the improvement in the executive functioning skills. It acts as driving force for the students NMUPS. Therefore, the first research hypothesise is accepted. Further, students with the self-reported deficit in executive function also showed non-medical use of use of stimulants. However, the second hypothesis cannot be fully accepted as NMUPS did not moderate the relationship between executive function and grade point average. Significantly, poor grade point average was observed in the participants with deficit in the executive function skills. Strength and weakness These authors are highly qualified to research about human cognitive function. No conflict of interest seems to be present as per the authorship of the article and is the strength of the paper (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). It would have been more convincing if author mentioned details on the ethics approval. Considering the work experience and academic qualifications the credibility of the research is evident. Further, the arguments and goals in the paper are well justified with the supporting literature. The need of the study to identify the university stud at risk of taking NMUPS is justified. In this context appropriate hypothesis was developed. Necessary interventions can be developed to prevent this issue. Surveys are helpful to obtain the self-report data from the participants. Further, conducting the interview for large sample size would be impractical. Since the research has broad goals, the survey will help assess the feelings, thoughts and opinions to generate quick data (Mertens, 2014). This is the strength of the paper and the results were statistically significant making it reliable. Surveys are useful instrument and are right option for collecting the self-report data in psychology related research. It is justified when research has broad goals and constitutes strength of research (Anderson et al., 2015). The weakness of the study comes from use of convenience sampling method. Using the sample in proportionate number may have eliminated the limitations related to generalisability of the findings (Munro et al., 2017). As per the PICO question developed by Wasim, the literature evidence showed that stimulants increase the academic performance by enhancing the executive functions in university students. However, there are various barriers to the implementation of the research evidence. In the case of Wasim, it may be harmful using this evidence for personal use. In healthy individuals, no stimulants or drugs may be safe for cognitive functioning (Maier Schaub, 2015). Irregular use may cause adverse reactions. Misuse of prescription has been found to have unfavourable consequences. Pharmacological neuroenhancement is associated with ambiguous effects although it helps to cope up with stress and studies. The given PICO question does not measure the negative aspects such as consequences of the illicit use of smart drugs. The PICO question can be modified in future studies to compare the use of stimulants medically and non-medically. Thus, there is a need of further evidence without which it is difficu lt for Wasim to decide on using the stimulants for academic enhancement. Lack of the evidenced-based clinical guidelines is added disadvantage for nurses, clinician and patients to advocate the use of stimulants for university students. Further, barriers may include lack of awareness among the patients about the misuse of drugs and adverse reactions. Size and complexity of research are the other barriers to evidence-based practice implementation. Qualitative studies do not give definite concluding evidence so Wasim may not be sure about using stimulants. These studies only give subjective evidence. Use of survey includes underreporting of data due to sensitive questionnaires. Quality of the evidence is hampered because of bias due to personal response. Social desirability cannot be ruled out in questionnaire (Stavor et al., 2017). It may be difficult for Wasim to rely on the results of the quantitative studies for use of stimulants. Conclusion In conclusion, PICO is the useful and effective method for inquiry into health care. The evidence obtained from the critique of both the articles is that the use of stimulants by university students increases the academic performance. It highly benefits people diagnosed with ADHD. Executive functions can be enhanced by the stimulants. Considering the case scenario of Wasim, it would not be effective for him to use non-medically. Wasim should share the evidence obtained by PICO question with his friends so that they prefer medical use of these stimulants and refrain from non-medical use. The rationale for choosing the PICO process is justified as it is the systematic process of searching the evidence to solve the clinical questions (Richardson et al., 2017). In conclusion the PICO method is the effective one to systematically search evidence for solving clinical problems (Richardson et al., 2017). References Ahadi, N. J., Habicht, R. J. (2017). Incorporating Evidence-Based Medicine into Your Daily Life. InHospital Medicine(pp. 85-94). Springer International Publishing. Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university studentsa qualitative approach.BMC medical ethics,15(1), 23. Jensen, C., Forlini, C., Partridge, B., Hall, W. (2016). Australian university students coping strategies and use of pharmaceutical stimulants as cognitive enhancers.Frontiers in psychology,7. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2017).Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Maier, L. J., Schaub, M. P. (2015). The use of prescription drugs and drugs of abuse for neuroenhancement in Europe.European Psychologist. McCusker, K., Gunaydin, S. (2015). Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research.Perfusion,30(7), 537-542. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes.Addictive behaviors,65, 250-257. OBrien, B. C., Harris, I. B., Beckman, T. J., Reed, D. A., Cook, D. A. (2014). Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations.Academic Medicine,89(9), 1245-1251. Richardson, A., Yarwood, J., Richardson, S. (2017). Expressions of cultural safety in public health nursing practice.Nursing inquiry,24(1). Stavor, D. C., Zedreck-Gonzalez, J., Hoffmann, R. L. (2017). Improving the use of evidence-based practice and research utilization through the identification of barriers to implementation in a critical access hospital.Journal of Nursing Administration,47(1), 56-61.

Social mobility and status attainment in American society

Table of Contents Introduction Social mobility Status attainment Social stratification Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Studies pertaining to social mobility have concentrated on movement of individuals from one social class to another. The research is hence embraced in terms of processes in which mobility fluctuates upwards and downwards, thereby incorporating short and long distance mobility throughout the class structure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social mobility and status attainment in American society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, social mobility incorporates inter-generational mobility, which in turn indicates the mobility that exists between family of origin and the class of the individual. Apart from the inter-generational mobility, social mobility also incorporates intra-generational mobility that refers to the mobility existing between a person’s prior occupa tion and the current occupation (Devine 45). Prestige and socio-economic status kind of occupations were linked to success in education and social origins of individuals. This is based on studies carried out on status attainment traditions of frequent social mobility (Marshall et al 241). Social mobility According to Devine (45), sociologists have zeroed in on two issues in analyzing and examination both the trends and patterns of social mobility. The first issue is the demographic class formation. In this first issue, stable collectiveness of individuals is established with the focus being on individuals processing the same life chances. As a result of this, researchers are left with no option, but to establish the overall or absolute de facto rate of mobility. In the second issue of mobility, researchers have undertaken the process of establishing the level of openness within a community by examining social fluidity. The focus point is on the relative rate of mobility that is achi eved by comparing various mobility chances processed by different kind of people, as well as groups. Mobility research has guided specific interests, thereby shaping the different fonts of social mobility of empirical work. The two issues of social fluidity and class formation together with the trends and patterns in relative and absolute social mobility have become the hot topic within the boundaries of researchers’ studies (Devine 45). In the US, social mobility is based on the experiences of both the whites and the ethnic minorities. According to the evidence attained, there is an indication of structural change that is symbolized by a decrease in farm occupation and increase in non-manual employment, hence resulting to an upward mobility. A decline in the linkage between the origins and the destinations was also noted, although it was high in respect to the whites as compared to the minorities.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This link was later to be weakened by the education system that meant more and more people acquired degrees. America has hence evolved to be an open society rather than a rigid society. According to the research carried out in 1980s, structural change is noted to be slowly slowing down, as the link between the origin and destination continues to slacken (Devine 46). High levels of social mobility have been identified in America as part of early observation. In 1962, the first national survey that dealt with social mobility was conducted by Blau and Duncan. The two researchers viewed mobility as an up and down system that revolved around social hierarchy. In this hierarchy, individuals were ranked according to education and income, while the focus was individual attainment and not mobility. Factors like family background, gender, ethnicity, and education were used to influence success or failure (Devine 48). Status attainmen t Status attainment has been described as a process where people secure particular social position and maintain it within the boundaries of the ones status. According to the research undertaken by the Blau and Duncan, an occupation that is individually chosen depends on two main factors: 1) education and 2) ability one processes. The education background, occupation, and status of the parents also play a great role together with a simple luck. On looking at the occupation of the children in comparison to that of their parents, one cannot help but to notice cross-flow relationship in terms of status and prestige that exists between the two groups. This hence indicates that children of high status parents have high chances of inheriting the same status as their parents when compared with children of low status parents. It is through the status attainment model that scholars have managed to analyze class. Blau’s work is attributed to this model, as he indicated other factors lik e government policy and non-parental significant others can cause upward mobility (Weir 80). According to Brym and Lie (235), the process of status attainment is pretty much at the same level for both the minorities and women, in comparison with the white men. Years of schooling is said to have a major impact in status attainment as compared to father’s occupation. However, while comparing individuals of the same education level and same family background, the minorities, the women and the Hispanic Americans still lug behind as compared to white men. In conclusion, status attainment cannot be explained simply by focusing on individual characteristics but also incorporating group characteristics. These group characteristics include barriers faced by the group, thus keeping them from attaining mobility (Brym Lie 235).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social mobility and status attainment in American society specifically for you for only $16.05 $ 11/page Learn More Social stratification Social stratification has been divided into three parts by Kerbo (15) for easier understanding, namely: poverty, comparative stratification systems, and social movement theory. These studies focused on lower class and mainly dwelt on poverty as pathology instead of systemic causes. In addition to this, majority of the foundations are more than willing to fund researches that uphold the existence of poverty as a culture. This is because the emphasis applied on the individualism and culture helps to shift the economic and political structures, which they are a part and parcel of. Moreover, the learned and the elite have perfected the act of effecting the idea that majority of the poor Americans contributed in creating the situation they are in. Kerbo hence argues that instead of focusing on poverty, one should focus on social stratification (Weir 423). Conclusion Social mobility and status attainment literature is not in contradi ction with the social origins. In social mobility literature, intergenerational mobility occurs in between a narrow strip of occupations. This is well elaborated by the fact that very few people are born in families of low status and they rise to clinch the presidency. This is due to the fact that individuals that have attained upward mobility are more likely to have arisen from either middle class family or upper class families, as opposed to working class family. In accounting for the indirect and direct effects of parental status, the achieved status remains to be the critical status in accounting for the individual’s attained status. Evaluation of theoretical revisions must take place before contributing to status attainment. Thus, comparison in terms of importance of personal and social resources can be concluded to be status attainment. Works Cited Brym J. Robert and Lie John. Sociology: your compass for a new world. CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 2007. Devine, Fiona. Socia l class in America and Britain. London: Edinburgh University Press. 1997.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kerbo, Harold R. Social stratification and inequality: Class conflict in the United States. London: McGraw-Hill. 2002. Marshall, Gordon, et al. Against the odds?: social class and social justice in industrial societies. NY: Oxford University Press. 2002. Weir, Robert. Class in America: A-G. CT: Greenwood Press. 2007. This essay on Social mobility and status attainment in American society was written and submitted by user Isabela Tillman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.